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UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 

RUPERT BLUE, Surgeon General 



A REPORT OF A SANITARY SURVEY OF SCHOOLS 

AND OF MEDICAL INSPECTION OF SCHOOL 

CHILDREN IN CERTAIN SECTIONS OF NORTH 

AND SOUTH CAROLINA 



A. D. FOSTER 

II 
Passed Assistant Surgeon 
United States Public Health Service 



REPRINT NO. 211 

PROM THE 

PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS 

July 31, 1914 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1914 



Monograph 



T>0(**\1 



D. OF D. 
SEP I 1914 



i -<b^ u 






V 



SCHOOL HYGIENE. 1 

A REPORT OF A SANITARY SURVEY OF SCHOOLS AND OF MEDICAL INSPECTION OF 
SCHOOL CHDLDREN IN CERTAIN SECTIONS OF NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

By A. D. Foster, Passed Assistant Surgeon, United States Public Health Service. 

As a part of the systematic investigation of school hygiene being 
made by the service in different parts of the country, a sanitary 
survey of schools and a medical inspection of school children was 
undertaken in certain sections of North and South Carolina. A 
total of 107 white and 16 colored schools were visited, and 14,119 
white and 2,327 colored children examined. 

In the mountainous sections of North and South Carolina a special 
feature of the work was the investigation to determine the preva- 
lence of trachoma among school children, while in the lowland 
section of South Carolina, in addition to the trachoma inspection, 
particular attention was given to those conditions which frequently 
occur in children of a school age and which, if uncorrected, are a 
detriment to the health of the child and to its progress in school work. 

Sanitary Conditions of Schools. 

In the larger cities visited, most of the schools were found to be of 
modern construction, special attention having been given to the 
heating, lighting, and ventilation of the school buildings. The sani- 
tary conditions of the buildings in the larger communities were as a 
rule good, and the importance of the sanitary drinking fountain in 
place of the common drinking Cup was generally recognized. 

Rapid progress is being made also in some of the smaller towns of 
the mountain districts in the improvement of construction and 
sanitation of school buildings. 

It is in the rural districts that the need for improvement along the 
line of heating, ventilation, and sanitation is greatest. 

The usual method of heating the buildings in the rural districts 
was by means of the ordinary wood stove or trash burner. This type 
of heater requires constant attention in replenishing fuel. The school 
room is unevenly heated. In distant parts of the room the tempera- 
tures is too low, while in close proximity to the stove the heat is 
unbearable. In scarcely any of the schools was any provision made 
for furnishing moisture to the air. The lack of moisture in the air 

1 Reprint from the Public Health Reports, vol. 29, No. 31, July 31, 1914. 
56359°— 14 3 



4 SANITARY SURVEY OF SCHOOLS IN" NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

is an important factor in the causation of colds and catarrhal condi- 
tions of the mucous membrane of the throat, nose, and air passages. 
Also the lack of moisture necessitates a greater amount of heat to 
render the room comfortable and thus causes a needless waste of fuel. 

These rural schools should be heated by stoves surrounded by sheet- 
iron drums, and ventilated with fresh air from without, brought in 
near the bottom of the stove, passing up between the stove and drum; 
the air is thus warmed and gives good ventilation without chilling or 
draft. As great a length as possible of stovepipe should be exposed in 
order to get the full benefit of the heat from it. A suitable outlet for 
foul air can be provided by raising the lower window sash and placing 
beneath it a board the width of the window and about 6 inches in 
height, thus allowing exit to foul air through the interspace between 
the window sashes. Moisture should be added to the heated air. 

In the large majority of the rural schools visited the toilet facilities 
were entirely inadequate, and such as were present were for the most 
part insanitary. Ordinary surface closets were in use, many of them 
not even being provided with pits to receive the excreta. In many 
of the closets the doors were broken down and no provision was made 
to screen against flies. 

The question of the proper disposal of excreta is an especially 
important one in the districts infected with hookworm, owing to the 
fact that the children go barefooted in the summer time. 

It is gratifying to note the passing of the common drinking cup 
and the use of the individual cup in schools of this section, even in the 
rural districts. 

A wide interest in many parts of the State of South Carolina is 
being manifested in the subject of medical inspection of school children. 
In the cities of Spartanburg and Seneca the school authorities have 
already instituted a system of medical inspection, these cities being 
the first in the State to undertake this work. In order to stimulate 
further interest, conferences were held in the various localities with 
the health and school authorities, and talks on the subject were made 
to the teachers and pupils of the various schools visited. 

Details of Sanitary Survey and Medical Inspection of School Children in Certain 
Cities of South Carolina. 

The scope of the survey included: (1) A medical inspection of the school children 
of the public schools, with especial reference to the occurrence of contagious and infec- 
tious diseases, particularly tuberculosis and trachoma, and the existence of defective 
teeth, defective eyesight, hypertrophied tonsils or adenoids, and (2) a sanitary inspec- 
tion of the school buildings and grounds. 

HIGH-SCHOOL BUILDING, FLORENCE, S. C. 

This is a two-story brick building which was built in 1892. It is located in the 
center of the town, one block from the main business street. The location is not a 
suitable one for a school building for the reason that the street upon which it is located 



SANITARY SURVEY OP SCHOOLS IN NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 5 

is not very wide, and, together with the trees which line the street, prevent a sufficient 
amount of sunlight from entering the building. The building is very poorly lighted, 
and in some of the rooms it is impossible to distinguish writing on the boards from the 
center of the rooms. 

Out of the total number of pupils, 263, who were examined as to their visual acuity 
80 were found to have deficient vision. The seats in the front schoolroom on the right 
side of the hall were so placed that the light from the windows entered over the right 
shoulder of the pupils and cast a shadow during writing. 

There are no cloakrooms provided and wraps are hung upon hooks in the halls. A 
sanitary drinking fountain is placed on each floor of the building. 

The toilet rooms are located in a separate building in the yard in the rear of the 
school building. The girls' toilet contains 12 closets, which flush automatically. 

The boys' toilet contains 10 closets and a trough urinal. The closets are flushed 
automatically. There is a stationary washstand in the toilet room. The room was 
dirty and badly kept. 

WHITE GRADED SCHOOL AT FLORENCE, S. C. 

The graded school for white pupils is located on South Dargan Street. The school 
grounds are ample, and cover an area of about one-half of a city block. The school 
building is comparatively new, having been built five years ago. It is a three-story 
building, and constructed of brick. The school building is heated by hot air, and 
the plenum system of ventilation is used. The furnaces are two in number, and 
located in the basement. The fresh air is drawn in from the outside by means of a 
blower. It is then passed into the hot-air chamber, where it is heated, and finally 
forced through large pipes to the hallways and the different rooms. There are no 
means provided for filtering the air to remove dust as it is brought in from the outside, 
nor is there any provision made for supplying moisture to the air before it is delivered 
to the school rooms. 

The warm-air inlets are placed in the walls about 7 feet from the floor, and the foul- 
air exits are placed in the wall at the level of the floor. The foul air is carried out 
through ventilating shafts passing up between the walls to the outside air at the roof 
of the building. The amount of warm air delivered to the schoolroom can be con- 
trolled from the room. 

The toilet rooms are located in the basement, and are two in number, one for boys 
and one for girls. The boys' toilet room contains 14 closets and a trough urinal 8 feet 
long. The toilets and urinal are flushed automatically every three minutes. The 
girls' toilet room contains 16 closets. There is also provided a sanitary washstand 
and container, with liquid soap. The principal of the school stated that it was the 
intention of the board of education to provide paper towels for the use of pupils. 

On the first floor above the basement are the grade rooms, six in number, the audi- 
torium, seating 800 persons, and the superintendent's office. There are also two 
toilet rooms on this floor for the use of the female teachers and girl pupils. 

Two sanitary drinking fountains are placed on each floor. The drinking water 
furnished is the water which is supplied to the city and is of an excellent quality, 
coming from artesian wells 638 feet in depth. 

There are six grade rooms on each floor. The corner rooms have seven windows 
in each room, while the other rooms have five windows. There are cross lights in 
the corner rooms which make it exceedingly difficult to see the blackboards. In 
two of the comer rooms the seats were so placed that the light entered the room over 
the right shoulder of the pupils instead of the left. This should be remedied by 
rearranging the seats. The wall boards in the schoolrooms on the first floor are colored 
green, while those on the second floor are black in color. 

The seats in the schoolrooms are of the nonadjustable kind. Several pupils were 
seen in the lower grades who had entered school at a later age than others of the same 



6 SANITARY SURVEY OP SCHOOLS IN NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

grade, and in these cases the seats were much too small and ill adapted to the size 
of the pupils, causing them to sit in a cramped position. This could be remedied 
by the use of adjustable seats and thus the occurrence of postural deformities avoided. 

The stairways leading from the second to the third floor are wide and amply large 
enough to allow a rapid emptying of the schoolrooms in case of fire or other occasion 
necessitating the sudden emptying of the building. The exit doors are wide and 
open outward as should always be the case in public buildings of this kind. 

In the school yard there are two sanitary drinking fountains. The grounds need 
some filling in in certain places to prevent water collecting during rainy weather. 

The janitor lives in a house on the school grounds in the rear of the school build- 
ing. On the premises is a privy, which should be connected with the city sewer. 

Table 1. — Showing defects observed among pupils arranged according to age periods. 



Age. 


Defective 
vision. 


Defective 
teeth. 


Enlarged 
tonsils. 


Adenoids. 


Enlarged 
cervical 
glands. 


Oral and 
nasal de- 
fects. 


Other 
condi- 
tions. 1 




40 
79 
33 


45 

38 

7 


124 
63 
6 


80 
24 


7 


5 
6 
2 


4 




6 






4 










Total 


152 


90 


193 


104 


7 


13 


14 







i Astigmatism, 8; strabismus, 2; myopia, high degree, 1; congenital syphilis, 1; scoliosis and hip-joint 
disease, 1. 
Total number of defects noted among pupils, 573; total number of pupils examined, 733. 



SOUTH CAROLINA INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, FLORENCE, S. C. 

This is an institution maintained by the State for the care and education of incor- 
rigible boys. It is located just outside the city of Florence, S. C. In connection with 
the school the State maintains a large farm where the boys are taught dairying, agri- 
culture, and manual training. 

The school buildings are three in number, two of which are of recent construction, 
while the third is an old building, the use of which as a school building is to be dis- 
continued in the near future. 

The two new buildings are similar in architecture, construction, and equipment. 
They are three stories in height and constructed of stone and cement. 

The upper floor is used as a dormitory having about 50 boys. The building is 
heated by steam and is well ventilated and lighted. The sleeping cots are of iron 
and are so arranged that they can be elevated during the cleansing of the dormitory 
floors which are of cement and easily cleansed. 

The second floor is used as a school room. The lighting and ventilation of the school- 
rooms are excellent. The desks are of the ordinary nonadjustible kind and are prop- 
erly placed with reference to the source of light. 

The basement is fitted up with iron lockers for storage of clothing. It also contains 
shower baths with mixers regulating the temperature of the bath water. 

Sanitary self-flushing water-closets are provided in sufficient number. Each boy 
is provided with individual towel and drinking cup. 

An old building is still in use as a dormitory, classroom, dining room, and kitchen. 
The lighting and ventilation of this building is insufficient. An inspection of the 
kitchen and dining room showed them to be clean and well kept, but it was noted 
that the door and window screens were broken in places, allowing entrance of flies to 
these rooms. 

The school buildings are connected with the city Bewage system, and the water 
supply is furnished from artesian wells and is of excellent quality. 



SANITARY SURVEY OF SCHOOLS IN NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 7 

Table 2. — Showing defects observed among pupils of the South Carolina Industrial 

School, Florence, S. C. 



Age. 


Defective 
vision. 


Enlarged 
tonsils. 


Adenoid, U^f 


Ocular 
defects. 


Other 
condi- 
tions. 


Defective 
teeth. 




2 
21 

23 


1 

17 
6 




2 

20 
6 










3 
1 


8 
10 


3 
3 


12 
5 






Total 


46 


24 


4 


28 


18 





17 





Among the "Other conditions" noted were 1 case of feeble-minded, 1 of congenital syphilis, 1 of Vin- 
cent's angina, and 2 cases of pellagra. 
Total number of defects noted among pupils, 143; total number of pupils examined, 150. 

COLORED SCHOOL BUILDING AT FLORENCE, S. C. 

The school building for colored pupils is conveniently located in the colored section 
of the city. It is a frame building recently completed and occupied for the first time 
during the present year. 

The first floor contains seven g^ade rooms which are well lighted for the reason that 
the rooms are all outside rooms. In one of the rooms on the first floor it was noticed 
that the seats were wrongly placed, which allowed the light to enter over the right 
shoulders of the pupils instead of over the left. 

Separate cloakrooms are not provided and the pupils' wraps are hung on hooks in 
the hallways. 

Two stairways, one in each end of the building, lead from the first to the second 
floor. The stairways are amply wide so that the building may be rapidly emptied 
in case of necessity. 

In one of the grade rooms on the second floor it was noticed that the desks were not 
rightly placed, as the light entered over the right shoulder of the pupil instead of over 
the left shoulder. 

The building is heated by means of stoves in the grade rooms. Ventilation ia 
obtained by lowering the upper sash of the windows. 

The toilet rooms are in a separate building in the rear of the school and are well 
lighted and ventilated by means of four windows in each of the rooms. Toilet paper 
is provided for the pupils. The floors are of cement, which permits them to be easily 
kept clean. The girls' toilet has 12 self-flushing closets, and the boys' toilet has 10 
self-flushing closets and a trough urinal which is constantly flushed by running water. 

Drinking water is supplied by a sanitary drinking fountain placed in the school 
yard. A fountain should be placed in the school building, as it was noticed that in 
one of the schoolrooms there was a tin pail of drinking water with a common dipper; 
the teacher had an individual drinking cup, but the pupils were not so provided. 

The school yard is large and well drained. 



Table 3. — Defects noted among pupils. 



5 to 10 years . 
10 to 15 years 
15 to 20 years 

Total. . 



Defective 
vision. 



50 



Defective 
teeth, 



Enlarged 
tonsils. 



168 
139 
17 



Adenoids. 



116 

131 

6 



253 



Enlarged 
glands. 



Oral and 

nasal 

defects. 



Other 
condi- 
tions. 



Among the " Other conditions " noted were 1 case of pulmonary tuberculosis, 2 cases of congenital syphilis, 
1 of traumatic cataract, 1 of alopecia areata, 1 of strabismus, and 1 of hydrocephalus. 
Total number of defects noted among pupils, 790; total number of pupils examined, 568. 



8 SANITARY SURVEY OF SCHOOLS IN NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

PUBLIC SCHOOL AT EFFINGHAM, S. C. 

The schoolhouse in this village is a typical two-room building of the type often 
met with in the rural districts. It is constructed of wood and consists of two rooms 
with a hallway intervening in which the pupils' wraps are hung. The building is 
heated during the wintertime by means of an ordinary wood-burning stove. The 
only means of ventilation is provided by opening the windows. 

The schoolrooms are lighted by windows on two sides, which results in cross lights,' 
which render it difficult to see the blackboards. In place of the ordinary school 
desks long wooden benches and desks are used. 

Drinking water for the pupils is kept in a large tin pail. The children use indi- 
vidual paper cups which they themselves make out of paper. The drinking water 
is obtained from a well located not more than 40 feet from the school privy. 

A separate privy for girl and boy pupils is provided, the entrances to which are 
properly secured from view. The privy is very insanitary as the excreta are deposited 
upon the ground in close proximity to the well furnishing drinking water. The 
privy is not screened to prevent access of flies. 

Table 4. — Defects noted among pupils. 



Age. 


Defects 
of eyes. 


Defective 
teeth. 


Enlarged 
tonsils. 


Enlarged 
glands. 


Adenoids. 


Other 
condi- 
tions. 




3 


16 


7 


3 


6 


5 







Among " Other conditions" noted were 4 cases of pellagra and 1 case of tuberculosis of hip joint. 
Total number of defects noted among pupils, 40; total number of pupils examined, 45. 



WHITE PUBLIC SCHOOL, DARLINGTON, S. C 

This is a two-story brick building of modern construction, located in the center of 
the town, adjacent to the city park. The building is heated by hot-air furnaces and 
is well ventilated and lighted. Stairways are amply wide to permit of rapid emptying 
of the building. 

The desks used are the ordinary nonadjustable school desks, and in all the school 
rooms they were found to be properly placed with reference to the source of light. 

Separate cloakrooms are provided for each grade room. Toilet rooms are located 
in the basement of the building and were exceedingly well kept and clean. The 
closets in both boys' and girls' toilets and the urinal in the boys' toilet are flushed 
automatically at frequent intervals. 

Stationary washstands, with liquid soap and paper towels, are provided for the 
use of all pupils. 

Drinking water is furnished by means of a sanitary drinking fountain located in the 
school yard. The water, coming from an artesian well, is of excellent quality and the 
supply inexhaustible. 

A large area of ground surrounds the school building, which is used as a playground 
by the pupils both during recess and after school hours. 

Many of the pupils in this school come from a distance and use horses in coming to 
and going from school. Stables are provided for the animals, where they may be kept 
during school hours. The stables are located at a great enough distance from the 
school building not to be objectionable. 



SANITARY SURVEY OF SCHOOLS IN NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 9 
Table 5. — Defects noted among pupils. 



Age. 



De- 
fective 
vision. 



De- 
fective 
teeth. 



En- 
larged 
tonsils. 



Adenoids. 



Ocular 
defects. 



Other 
condi- 
tions. 



5 to 10 years. 
10 to 15 years 
15 to 20 years 

Total.. 



102 



30 



Among "Other conditions" were noted 3 cases of anemia, 1 of goiter, 1 of cleft palate, 1 of enlarged 
epitrochlear glands, and 1 of suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. 
Total number of defects noted among pupils, 356; total number of pupils examined, 464. 

"MILL SCHOOL" AT DARLINGTON, S. C. 

This school is located in the cotton-mill district of the town. The school occupies 
two rooms in the second story of a brick building which is owned by the cotton-mill 
company. The first floor of this building is partly used as a general store and partly 
occupied by the mill Young Men's Christian Association. 

The schoolrooms are well lighted and in winter are heated by steam. Ventilation 
is obtained by lowering the upper sash of the windows of the room. 

Desks used are the ordinary nonadjustable school desks. 

Toilets. — The boys in this school use a toilet in the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion building on the ground floor which is connected with the town sewerage system. 

The girls use a surface closet in the vicinity of the school which is an extremely 
insanitary affair. The privy is unscreened and was swarming with flies. The excreta 
is deposited upon the surface of the ground not only beneath the seats in the privy, 
but in the vicinity of the privy as well. As there are many cases of hookworm among 
the children in this mill, this privy should be condemned and a closet connecting 
with the city sewers should be built in its place. 

There are no facilities at the school for washing the face and hands, as the pupils 
all reside in the immediate neighborhood and it is supposed to be done at home. 

The drinking water used is the city water supply, which is of good quality. 

There is no yard in connection with the school, and they are allowed to play in an 
adjoining yard which is set aside for that purpose by the Young Men's Christian 
Association. 

Table 6. — Defects noted among pupils. 



Age. 


Defective 
vision. 


Defective 
teeth. 


Enlarged 
tonsils. 


Adenoids. 


Anemia. 


Other con- 
ditions. 


6 to 12 years 


2 


16 


9 


5 


11 


2 







Total number of defects noted among pupils, 45; total number of pupils examined, 46. 
MAYO SCHOOL (COLORED), DARLINGTON, S. C 

This school is conveniently located in the colored section of the town. The build- 
ing is a two-story frame structure recently erected and occupied for the first time 
during the present year. 

The building is heated by stoves. It is well lighted and ventilated. Separate 
cloak rooms are provided for the pupils' wraps, one cloakroom being provided for each 
classroom. 

The school desks are of the ordinary nonadjustable kind and are properly placed 
with reference to the source of light. 



10 SANITARY SURVEY OF SCHOOLS IN NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 



The two stairways which lead from the first to the second floor of the building are 
amply wide so as to permit of rapid emptying of the building in case of necessity. 

Toilet rooms are provided for pupils of both sexes.. They consist of the ordinary 
surface closet, the entrance to which is properly screened from view. 

The closets were, when built, properly screened with wire netting to prevent 
access of flies, but at the time of inspection the screens were found to be torn and 
useless. The excreta is received in an impervious trough, which is cleaned weekly 
by the city scavengers. 

Drinking water is furnished by a pump in the school yard. Individual drinking 
cups are not used in this school; a tin dipper hung on the pump is in common use. 

The school yard is large, and owing to the sandy character of the soil, is well drained. 

Table 7. — Defects noted among pupils. 



Age. 


Defective 
vision. 


Defective 
teeth. 


Enlarged 
tonsils. 


Ocular 
defects. 




6 
2 


10 

7 
2 


13 



1 




















Total 


S 


19 


19 


3 







Total number of defects noted among pupils, 49; total number of pupils examined, 115. 

PUBLIC SCHOOL AT M'COLL, S. C 

This building is constructed of brick and is two stories in height. It is located just 
outside of the corporation limits of the town. The school grounds are ample in size 
and are well drained owing to the sandy character of the soil. 

The school rooms are large and well Ugh ted. Heating is furnished by means of 
stoves. The desks used are of the ordinary nonadjustable kind and are properly 
placed with reference to the source of light. 

Each grade room has a separate cloakroom for the pupils' wraps. 

Two stairways lead from the first to the second floor and are amply wide to permit 
of rapid emptying of the building. 

Water coolers are placed in the hallways, but it was noticed that most of the pupils 
obtained drinking water from a pump in the school yard. Owing to the location of 
the school outside of the town limits, the city water supply is not available. The 
pump from which drinking water is obtained is very insanitary, as waste water seeps 
back into the well. Its use should be discontinued or it should be reconstructed so 
as to render it safe. 

The toilets are located in the yard in the rear of the school building. They consist 
of two wooden privies inclosed by a board fence which acts as a screen to the entrance. 
The privies are not screened, thus permitting access of flies. 

The use of these privies should be discontinued and new sanitary closets connected 
with the city sewage system should be provided. 

Table 8. — Defects noted among pupils. 



Age. 


Defec- 
tive 
vision. 


Defec- 
tive 
teeth. 


Enlarged 
tonsils. 


Ade- 
noids. 


Other 
condi- 
tions. 




3 
4 


7 
5 


10 
1 


7 
3 


4 




3 






Total 


7 


12 


11 


10 


7 







Among "Other conditions" noted were 1 case of eczema, 1 of pulmonary tuberculosis, 3 cases of follicular 
conjunctivitis, 1 of partial paralysis from poliomyelitis, and 1 of elongated uvula. 
Total number of defects noted among pupils, 47; number of pupils examined, 64. 



SANITARY SURVEY OF SCHOOLS IN NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 



11 



PUBLIC SCHOOL AT LITTLE ROCK, S. C. 

This school building is constructed of brick and two stories in height. It is a new 
building recently completed, and has been in use for the paet two months. There 
are four grade rooms on the first floor, and a separate cloakroom is provided for each 
of the grade rooms. The rooms are to be heated in winter by a stove in each grade 
room, but as yet the stoves have not been provided. 

There is no means provided for ventilation except by opening the windows. The 
rooms are well lighted, and the windows are provided with shades to lessen the glare 
of the afternoon sun. It was noticed that in two of the grade rooms the seats were not 
properly placed, the light entering over the right shoulder of the pupils, which cast 
a shadow while writing. 

The desks used in this school were the ordinary desks, which varied in size accord- 
ing to the age of the pupils. It was noticed that the space between the desk and the 
seat was greater than it should be, as it necessitated the pupil leaning forward too 
much, thus causing an improper posture while writing. 

The second floor of the school building was used for the auditorium and for two addi- 
tional grade rooms to be used in case the attendance of pupils should increase. 

The stairway leading to the second floor is amply wide enough to permit the build- 
ing to be rapidly emptied in case of necessity. 

The yard is large and well drained. 

Toilets. — An ordinary surface toilet in the school yard is used. There is no screen 
in front of the entrance to the privy. This privy is very insanitary, as the excreta 
is deposited upon the ground and the building is not screened to keep out flies. 

There are no means provided for the pupils washing. Drinking water is obtained 
from a pump in the school yard. Individual drinking cups are not in general use 
among the pupils, although a few are so provided. 

Table 9. — Defects noted among 'pupils. 



Age. 


Defective 
vision. 


Defective 
teeth. 


Enlarged 
tonsils. 


Adenoids. 


Follicular 
conjunc- 
tivitis. 


Defective 
speech. 




12 
6 

2 


9 
2 


9 
6 
1 


7 
2 


3 
1 


1 




15 to 20 years 














Total 


20 


11 


16 


9 


4 


1 





Total number of defects noted among pupils, 61; total number of pupils examined, 52. 



PUBLIC SCHOOL, CONWAY, S. C 

The school building is located on a hill on the outskirts of the town. It is two stories 
in height and. constructed of brick. The building is heated by means of hot air. The 
rooms are fairly well lighted. Cloakrooms are not provided. The children's wraps 
being hung on hooks in the hallways. 

The desks used are the ordinary nonadjustable school desks. Drinking water is 
furnished from a flowing well in the school yard. Toilet facilities are provided for by 
means of two ordinary surface closets in the school yard. The wooden fence which 
originally served as a screen to the entrance of the boys' toilet was broken down and 
the closet door was torn from the hinges. The boys' toilet was exceedingly filthy and 
insanitary, but the girls' toilet was found to be fairly clean. 

The excreta is deposited in a ravine at the rear of the closets. As this section of 
the county is heavily infected with hookworm, it is very important that the insanitary 
conditions of the toilets should be remedied. 



12 SANITARY SURVEY OF SCHOOLS IN NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 
Table 10. — Defects noted among pupils. 



5 to 15 years. 



Defective 
vision. 



11 



Defective 
teeth. 



Enlarged 
tonsils. 



10 



Adenoids. 



11 



Ocular 
defects. 



Other 
condi- 
tions. 



Total number of defects noted among pupils examined, 49; total number of pupils examined, 47. 
EXAMINATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN OF HORRY COUNTY. 

During the course of inspection of the school at Conway and Loris, S. C, a number 
of school children were brought in for examination by their parents and teachers from 
school districts in various parts of Horry County. 

The following table gives the defects observed in school children representing 14 
rural schools of the county. 

Table 11. — Defects noted among pupils. ■» 



Age. 


Defec- 
tive 
vision. 


Defec- 
tive 
teeth. 


Enlarged 
tonsils. 


Ade- 
noids. 


Hook- 
worm. 


Other 
condi- 
tions. 




7 
4 
1 


4 
4 



5 


8 
2 


10 

4 


12 




4 




3 












Total 


12 


8 


14 


10 


14 


19 







Among "other conditions" noted were 1 case of feeble minded, 1 defective speech, of defective hearing, 
1 of suspected pulmonary tuberculosis, 2 of nasal obstruction, 1 of tongue tie, 1 of hypertrophied turbinates, 
1 of inguinal hernia, 2 of impetigo contagiosa, 1 of strabismus, and 1 of follicular conjunctivitis. 

Total number of defects noted, 77; total number of pupils examined, 81. 



o 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



020 948 946 



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